DAFTAR OBAT YANG AMAN DAN BERBAHAYA BAGI IBU HAMIL & MENYUSUI

Lactation Risk Categories	Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (Paling Aman) L2 (Aman) L3 (Cukup Aman) L4 (Kemungkinan Barbahaya) L5 (Kontra Indikasi)	A (studi terkontrol menunjukkan tanpa resiko) B (tidak ada bukti risiko pada manusia) C (risiko tidak dapat dikesampingkan) D (bukti positif resiko) X (dikontraindikasikan untuk Ibu Hamil)

Generic name	Trade Name/ nama dagang	AAP approved?	Pregnancy Risk Category	Lactation Risk Category
Analgesics (Pain-killers)
Acetaminophen/PCT	Tylenol	Approved/diseujui	B	L1
Colchicine	Colchicine	Approved	D	L4
Nefopam	Acupan	Approved	-	NR
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs)
Azapropazone (apazone)	Rheumox	Approved	-	L2
Dipyrone (dilarang di AS & Inggris)	-	Approved	-	NR
Flufenamic acid	-	Approved	-	NR
Ibuprofen	Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofin	Approved	B (1st, 2nd trim.) D (3rd trim.)	L1
Indomethacin	Indocin	Approved	B (1st, 2nd trim.) D (3rd trim.)	L3
Ketorolac	Toradol, Acular	Approved	B (1st, 2nd trim.) D (3rd trim.)	L2
Mefenamic acid	Ponstan, Ponstel	Approved	-	NR
Naproxen	Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve	Approved	B	L3 L4 (for chronic use)
Phenylbutazone	Butazolidine	Approved	-	NR
Piroxicam	Feldene	Approved	B	L2
Suprofen	Profenal	Approved	-	NR
Tolmetin	Tolectin	Approved	C	L3
Narcotic analgesics
Butorphanol	Stadol	Approved	B (1st, 2nd trim.) D (3rd trim.)	L3
Codeine	Tylenol #3, #4	Approved	C	L3
Fentanyl	Sublimaze	Approved	B	L2
Meperidine	Demerol	Approved	B	L2 L3 (if used early postpartum)
Methadone	Dolophine	Approved	B	L3
Morphine	Morphine	Approved	B	L3
Propoxyphene	Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon	Approved	C	L2
Anesthesia, Anesthetics /Anastesi
Halothane	Fluothane	Approved	C	L2
Lidocaine	Xylocaine	Approved	C	L2
Methohexital	Brevital	Approved	B	L3
Thiopental	Pentothal	Approved	C	L3
Antacids, GI meds (Antasida, obat-obatan GI)
Cimetidine (Antacid)	Tagamet	Approved	B	L2
Cisapride (GI tract stimulant)	Propulsid	Approved	C	L2
Domperidone (used for nausea & vomiting, stimulates lactation)	Motilum	Approved	-	L1
Antibiotics
Amoxicillin	Larotid, Amoxil	Approved	B	L1
Aztreonam	Azactam	Approved	B	L2
Cefadroxil	Ultracef, Duricef	Approved	B	L1
Cefazolin	Ancef, Kefzol	Approved	B	L1
Cefotaxime	Claforan	Approved	B	L2
Cefoxitin	Mefoxin	Approved	B	L1
Cefprozil	Cefzil	Approved	C	L1
Ceftazidime	Ceftazidime, Fortaz, Taxidime	Approved	B	L1
Ceftriaxone	Rocephin	Approved	B	L2
Ciprofloxacin	Cipro	Approved	C	L3
Clindamycin	Cleocin	Approved	B	L3
Erythromycin	E-Mycin, Ery-tab, ERYC, Ilosone	Approved	B	L1 L3 early postnatal
Fleroxacin	-	Approved	-	NR
Gentamicin	Garamycin	Approved	C	L2
Kanamycin	Kebecil, Kantrex	Approved	D	L2
Moxalactam	Moxam	Approved	-	NR
Nitrofurantoin	Macrobid	Approved	B	L2
Ofloxacin	Floxin	Approved	C	L2
Penicillin	-	Approved	B	L1
Streptomycin	Streptomycin	Approved	D	L3
Sulbactam	-	Approved	-	NR
Sulfisoxazole	Gantrisin, Azo-Gantrisin	Approved	C	L2
Tetracycline	Achromycin, Sumycin, Terramycin	Approved	D	L2
Ticarcillin	Ticarcillin, Ticar, Timentin	Approved	B	L1
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole	Proloprim, Trimpex	Approved	C	L3
Anticoagulants/Antikoagulan
Bishydroxycoumarin (dicumarol)	-	Approved	-	NR
Warfarin	Coumadin, Panwarfin	Approved	D	L2
Anticonvulsants/Antikonvulsan
Carbamazepine	Tegretol, Epitol	Approved	C	L2
Ethosuximide	Zarontin	Approved	C	L4
Magnesium sulfate	Epsom salt	Approved	B	L1
Phenytoin	Dilantin	Approved	D	L2
Valproic acid	Depakene, Depakote	Approved	D	L2
Antifungals/ antijamur
Fluconazole	Diflucan	Approved	C	L2
Ketoconazole	Nizoral Shampoo, Nizoral	Approved	C	L2
Antihistamines/Antihistamin
Dexbrompheniramine maleate with d-isoephedrine	-	Approved	-	NR
Fexofenadine	Allegra	Approved	C	L2
Loratadine	Claritin	Approved	B	L1
Terfenadine	Seldane	Approved	-	NR
Triprolidine	Actidil, Actifed	Approved	C	L1
Antivirals/ antivirus
Acyclovir	Zovirax	Approved	C	L2
Interferon-alpha	Alferon N, Interferon Alpha	Approved	C	L2
Arthritis meds (see also: pain meds) =obat artritis
Gold salts	Ridaura, Myochrysine, Solganal	Approved	C	L5
Asthma meds (see also: steroids) = Obat asma
Dyphylline	Dilor, Lufyllin, Dyphylline	Approved	C	L3
Terbutaline	Bricanyl, Brethine	Approved	B	L2
Theophylline	Aminophylline, Quibron, Theo-Dur	Approved	C	L3
Contraceptives, Hormones = Kontrasepsi, Hormon
Estradiol	Estratab, Permarin, Menest	Approved	X	L3 (may interfere with milk production)
Clogestone	-	Approved	-	NR
Contraceptive pill with estrogen/progesterone	Preven, Seasonale, Norinyl, Norlestin, Ortho-Novum, Ovral, Lunelle injection, Ortho-Evra patch, etc.	Approved	X	L3 (may interfere with milk production)
Levonorgestrel	Norplant, Mirena, Plan B	Approved	X	L2
Medroxyprogesterone	Provera, Depo-Provera, Cycrin	Approved	D	L1 L4 (if used first 3 days postpartum)
Norethynodrel	Enovid	Approved	X	L2
Progesterone	Crinone, Prometrium	Approved	-	L3
Cough meds / obat batuk =antitusif=batuk kering
Codeine	Tylenol #3, #4	Approved	C	L3
Noscapine	-	Approved	-	NR
Decongestants/ untuk batuk berdahak =ekspektoran
Pseudoephedrine	Sudafed, Halofed, Novafed, Actifed	Approved	C	L3 (for acute use) L4 (for chronic use)
Diabetes meds/ obat diabetes
Note: Insulin has not been reviewed by the AAP. Pregnancy risk category = B; Lactation risk category = L1.  Catatan: Insulin belum dikaji oleh AAP. Kategori risiko kehamilan = B; Risiko laktasi kategori L1.
Tolbutamide	Oramide, Orinase	Approved	D	L3
Diarrhea meds/ obat diare
Loperamide	Imodium, Pepto Diarrhea Control, Maalox Antidiarrheal Caplets, Kaopectate II Caplets, Immodium Advanced	Approved	B	L2
Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in both) are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the association of salicylates with Reyes syndrome in children. Catatan: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate adalah bahan aktif dalam kedua) tidak direkomendasikan untuk penggunaan rutin oleh ibu menyusui, karena asosiasi salisilat dengan sindrom Reyes pada anak-anak.
Diuretics/ diuretik
Acetazolamide	Dazamide, Diamox	Approved	C	L2
Bendroflumethiazide	Naturetin	Approved	D	L4 (may inhibit lactation)
Chlorothiazide	Hydrodiuril	Approved	D	L3
Chlorthalidone	Hygroton	Approved	D	L3
Hydrochlorothiazide	Hydrodiuril, Esidrix, Oretic	Approved	D	L2
Spironolactone	Aldactone	Approved	D	L2
Galactagogues (milk supply)
Domperidone	Motilum	Approved	-	L1
Heart, Blood Pressure meds (Antiarrhythmics, Antihypertensives, Cardiac stimulants)
Antiarrhythmics/anti aritmia
Disopyramide	Norpace, Napamide	Approved	C	L2
Flecainide	Tambocor	Approved	C	L3
Mexiletine	Mexitil	Approved	B	L2
Procainamide	Pronestyl, Procan	Approved	C	L3
Quinidine	Quinaglute, Quinidex	Approved	C	L2
Antihypertensives/ anti hipertensi
Captopril	Capoten	Approved	D	L3 (if used after 30 days)
Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL	Cardizem Sr, Dilacor-XR, Diltiazem, Cardizem CD	Approved	C	L3
Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate	Vasotec	Approved	C (1st trim.) D (2nd, 3rd trim.)	L2
Hydralazine	Apresoline	Approved	C	L2
Labetalol	Trandate, Normodyne	Approved	C	L2
Methyldopa	Aldomet	Approved	C	L2
Metoprolol	Toprol XL, Lopressor	Approved	B	L3
Minoxidil	Loniten, Minodyl, Rogaine	Approved	C	L2 (topically) L3 (orally)
Nadolol	Corgard, Nadolol	Approved	C	L4
Nifedipine	Adalat, Procardia	Approved	C	L2
Oxprenolol	Apsolox, Slow-Trasicor, Trasicor	Approved	-	NR
Propranolol	Inderol	Approved	C	L2
Sotalol	Betapace	Approved	B	L3
Timolol	Blocadren	Approved	C	L2
Verapamil	Calan, Isoptin, Covera-HS	Approved	C	L2
Cardiac stimulants/ stimulasi jantung
Digoxin	Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps	Approved	C	L2
Laxatives/ obat pencahar
Cascara/Cascara Sagrada	-	Approved	C	L3
Danthron	-	Approved	-	NR
Magnesium sulfate	Epsom salt	Approved	B	L1
Senna	-	Approved	-	L3
Malaria meds/ obat malaria
Chloroquine	Aralen, Novo-chloroquine	Approved	C	L3
Hydroxychloroquine	Plaquenil	Approved	C	L2
Pyrimethamine	Daraprim	Approved	C	L4
Quinine	Quinamm	Approved	D	L2
Medical Testing / pengujian medis
Diatrizoate	-	Approved	-	NR
Fluorescein	-	Approved	C	L3
Gadopentetic (Gadolinium)	-	Approved	C	L2
Iohexol	Omnipaque	Approved	B	L2
Iopanoic acid	Telepaque	Approved	D	L2
Metrizamide	Amipaque	Approved	B	L2
Metrizoate	Isopaque	Approved	B	L2
Migraine meds/ obat migran (see also: pain meds)
Sumatriptan	Imitrex	Approved	C	L3
Sedatives/ sediatif/ obat penenang
Chloral hydrate	Aquachloral, Noctec	Approved	C	L3
Methyprylon (withdrawn from use in US & Canada)	-	Approved	-	NR
Bromide	-	Approved	D	L5
Secobarbital	Seconal	Approved	D	L3
Sleep Aids/ obat tidur
Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate	Ambien	Approved	B	L3
Steroids
Methylprednisolone	Solu-Medrol, Depo-Medrol, Medrol	Approved	C	L2
Prednisolone	-	Approved	C	L2
Prednisone	Deltasone, Meticorten, Orasone	Approved	C	L2
Thyroid meds / obat tiroid
Carbimazole	-	Approved	D	L3
Methimazole (active metabolite of carbimazole)	Tapazole	Approved	D	L3
Propylthiouracil	PTU	Approved	D	L2
Thiouracil	-	Approved	-	NR
Levothyroxine	Synthroid, Levothroid, Thyroid, Levo-T, Levoxyl	Approved	A	L1
Tuberculosis meds/ obat tuberkulosis
Cycloserine	Seromycin	Approved	C	L3
Ethambutol	Ethambutol, Myambutol	Approved	B	L2
Isoniazid	INH, Laniazid	Approved	C	L3
Rifampin	Rifadin, Rimactane	Approved	C	L2
Vitamins
B-1 (thiamin)	-	Approved	-	NR
B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)	-	Approved	A	L1
B-6 (pyridoxine)	-	Approved	A	L2; L4 in high doses (may inhibit lactation)
D, vitamin	Calciferol, Delta-d	Approved	A	L3 (do not overdose)
Folic acid	-	Approved	A (1st, 2nd trim.) C (3rd trim.)	L1
K-1, vitamin (Phytonadione)	-	Approved	C	L1
Riboflavin/B2	-	Disetujui	A	L1
Miscellaneous/ macam-macam/ lain-lain
Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis)	Soriatane	Disetujui	-	NR
Alcohol/Ethanol	-	Disetujui	D	L3
Allopurinol	Zyloprim, Lopurin	Disetujui	C	L2
Antimony	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Atropine (Anticholinergic, drying agent)	Belladonna, Atropine	Disetujui	C	L3
Azapropazone/apazone (Antirheumatic)	Rheumox	Disetujui	-	L2
Baclofen (muscle relaxant)	Lioresal, Atrofen	Disetujui	C	L2
Barbiturate	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Caffeine	Vivarin, NoDoz, Coffee	Disetujui	B	L2
Carbetocin (Antihemorrhagic)	Duratocin	Disetujui	-	NR
Chloroform	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Cisplatin (Anti-cancer)	Platinol	Disetujui	D	L4
Dapsone (Antileprosy)	Avlosulfon, DDS	Disetujui	C	L4
Hydroxychloroquine (Antirheumatic, lupus)	Plaquenil	Disetujui	C	L2
Iodides	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Iodine	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Iodine (povidone-iodine, eg, in a vaginal douche)	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Ivermectin (Antiparasitic)	Mectizan	Disetujui	C	L3
Nalidixic acid (Urinary Anti-infective)	NegGram	Disetujui	B	L4
Norsteroids	-	Disetujui	-	NR
Pyridostigmine (Muscle stimulant)	Mestinon, Regonol	Disetujui	C	L2
Scopolamine (Motion sickness)	Transderm Scope	Disetujui	C	L3
Sulfapyridine	Dagenan	Disetujui	-	NR
Timolol (glaucoma med)	Blocadren	Disetujui	D	L3
Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001. Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP. ** Per Medications' and Mothers' Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).  Lactation Risk Categories   Pregnancy Risk Categories  L1 (Paling Aman) L2 (Aman) L3 (Cukup Aman) L4 (Kemungkinan Barbahaya) L5 (Kontra Indikasi) A (studi terkontrol menunjukkan tanpa resiko) B (tidak ada bukti risiko pada manusia) C (risiko tidak dapat dikesampingkan) D (bukti positif resiko) X (dikontraindikasikan untuk Ibu Hamil) NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has / belum ditinjau atau diteliti